\u6587\uff1ahenry<\/p>\n
\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0d\u5c11\u540c\u5b78\u90fd\u807d\u805e\u904e\u4e2d\u6587\u5927\u5b78\u65bc\u6210\u7acb\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u6240\u56db\u5e74\u5236\u5927\u5b78\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u56db\u5e74\u5236\u6539\u70ba\u4e09\u5e74\u5236\uff0c\u7576\u4e2d\u767c\u751f\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u537b\u662f\u9bae\u70ba\u4eba\u77e5\u3002\u5728\u53bb\u5e74\u7684\u4e09\u6539\u56db\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u5e73\u6de1\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u66fe\u6709\u4eba\u8a18\u5f97\uff0c\u7576\u5e74\u53cd\u56db\u6539\u4e09\u7684\u9b25\u722d\u662f\u591a\u9ebc\u7684\u6fc0\u70c8\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u52e2\u529b\uff0c\u6253\u8457\u4e0d\u540c\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u65d7\u5e5f\uff0c\u4e92\u76f8\u653b\u9632\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u7528\u4e00\u5834\u6230\u722d\u4ee5\u5f62\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n
\u958b\u570b\u4e4b\u521d<\/strong><\/p>\n \u4e2d\u6587\u5927\u5b78\u65bc 1963 \u5e74\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u63a1\u7528\u7684\u662f\u56db\u5e74\u5236\u3002\u5b78\u751f\u9700\u4fee\u8b80\u6700\u5c11\u4e00\u767e\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\u5b78\u5206\uff0c\u70ba\u9054\u5230\u300c\u901a\u624d\u6559\u80b2\u300d[1] \u7684\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u9664\u8ab2\u7a0b\u4e3b\u79d1\u5916\uff0c\u9084\u9700\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u79d1\u4e3b\u4fee\u4ee5\u5916\u5176\u4ed6\u5b78\u9662\u7684\u8ab2\u7a0b\uff08\u5373\u901a\u8b58\u6559\u80b2\uff09\u3001\u300c\u5b78\u751f\u70ba\u672c\u300d\uff08Stot\uff09[2]\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5fc5\u9808\u9078\u64c7\u526f\u4fee\u3002\u9032\u5165\u4e2d\u5927\u7684\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u70ba\u5c31\u8b80\u4e09\u5e74\u521d\u4e2d\u3001\u4e09\u5e74\u9ad8\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u4e2d\u5b78\u7684\u5b78\u751f\u3002\u800c\u9999\u6e2f\u5927\u5b78\u5247\u662f\u63a5\u6536\u4e94\u5e74\u4e2d\u5b78\u3001\u5169\u5e74\u9810\u79d1\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\u5b78\u5b78\u751f\uff0c\u4e26\u884c\u4e09\u5e74\u5b78\u5236\u3001\u4ee5\u82f1\u6587\u6388\u8ab2\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u57f9\u80b2\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u63a5\u73ed\u4eba\u7684\u57fa\u5730\u3002\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e2d\u5927\uff0c\u6e2f\u5927\u5be6\u884c\u7684\u662f\u300c\u5c08\u624d\u6559\u80b2\u300d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e09\u5e74\u6642\u9593\u7dca\u8feb\uff0c\u5b78\u751f\u8b80\u5b8c\u672c\u79d1\u8ab2\u7a0b\u5f8c\u5c31\u7121\u6642\u9593\u63a5\u53d7\u5176\u4ed6\u7bc4\u7587\u7684\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u81ea\u7136\u5c31\u8f03\u70ba\u72f9\u7a84\u3002<\/p>\n \u5f8c\u4f86\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u63a8\u52d5\u77ee\u5316\u6bcd\u8a9e\u7b49\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u52a0\u5f37\u5e02\u6c11\u5c0d\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u6587\u5316\u7684\u8a8d\u540c\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u4e2d\u5b78\u6578\u91cf\u56e0\u800c\u65e5\u76ca\u6e1b\u5c11\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u82f1\u6587\u4e2d\u5b78\u5b78\u751f\u4ea6\u958b\u59cb\u9078\u64c7\u4e2d\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u4e9b\u5b78\u751f\u5728\u4e2d\u516d\u5f8c\u5c31\u96e2\u6821\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u5b8c\u6574\u8b80\u5b8c\u5169\u5e74\u7684\u9810\u79d1\u6559\u80b2\uff1b\u52a0\u4e0a\u5f88\u591a\u7cbe\u82f1\u5b78\u751f\u56e0\u5df2\u53d7\u4e2d\u5927\u9304\u53d6\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u9078\u64c7\u591a\u8b80\u4e00\u5e74\u9032\u5165\u6e2f\u5927\uff0c\u5a01\u8105\u5230\u6e2f\u5927\u7684\u6536\u751f\u8cea\u7d20\uff0c\u4e0d\u5229\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7d71\u6cbb\uff0c\u5f9e\u800c\u57cb\u4e0b\u4e86\u7d71\u4e00\u4e2d\u5b78\u548c\u5927\u5b78\u5b78\u5236\u7684\u4f0f\u7dda\u3002<\/p>\n \u6cc1\u4e14\uff0c\u4e2d\u5927\u5f9e\u6210\u7acb\u6642\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u5df2\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u53cd\u6b96\u6c11\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u6a4b\u982d\u5821\u3002\u5176\u6210\u7acb\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u5c31\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u5e7e\u767e\u5e74\u4f86\u82f1\u570b\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u81f3\u591a\u53ea\u8a2d\u7f6e\u4e00\u6240\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u91d1\u79d1\u7389\u5f8b\uff0c\u53ca\u5f8c\u7684\u4e2d\u6587\u904b\u52d5\u3001\u53cd\u5c0d\u82f1\u4eba\u6b67\u8996\u7b49\u6230\u5f79\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u4e2d\u5927\u5168\u6821\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7684\u7a4d\u6975\u53c3\u8207\u3002\u7a2e\u7a2e\u6297\u722d\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u4ee4\u6b96\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u8996\u4e4b\u70ba\u773c\u4e2d\u91d8\uff0c\u4e00\u5834\u5927\u6230\u7684\u7206\u767c\u770b\u4f3c\u7121\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u3002<\/p>\n \u653f\u5e9c\u767c\u51fa\u7b2c\u4e00\u69cd \u2500 \u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u56db\u6539\u4e09\u4e4b\u6230<\/strong><\/p>\n 1977 \u5e74 11 \u6708\uff0c\u6e2f\u5e9c\u767c\u8868\u4e86\u300a\u9ad8\u4e2d\u53ca\u5c08\u4e0a\u6559\u80b2\u7da0\u76ae\u66f8\u300b\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u7d71\u4e00\u4e2d\u516d\u8ab2\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u5169\u9593\u5927\u5b78\u5171\u540c\u5165\u5b78\u8003\u8a66\u4e4b\u7528\uff0c\u4e26\u5efa\u8b70\u4e2d\u5927\u8f49\u70ba\u4e09\u5e74\u5236\uff08\u91ab\u79d1\u9664\u5916\uff09\uff0c\u8868\u793a\u5f9e\u800c\u80fd\u7bc0\u7701\u8cc7\u6e90\u53ca\u589e\u52a0\u56db\u767e\u591a\u500b\u5b78\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n \u6b64\u7da0\u76ae\u66f8\u7b49\u540c\u662f\u5411\u4e2d\u5927\u4e0b\u7684\u6230\u66f8\uff0c\u7531\u4e2d\u5927\u5b78\u751f\u4ee5\u81f3\u6821\u9577\u53ca\u5404\u5b78\u9662\u3001\u66f8\u9662\u9662\u9577\u5747\u540c\u4ec7\u6575\u613e\uff0c\u53cd\u5c0d\u7531\u56db\u6539\u4e09\uff0c\u6307\u4e09\u5e74\u5236\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u7dad\u6301\u5275\u6821\u300c\u901a\u624d\u6559\u80b2\u300d\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u3002\u300c\u6211\u5011\u8981\u5f37\u8abf\u4e00\u9ede\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u4e26\u975e\u4ee5\u70ba\u653f\u5e9c\u670d\u52d9\u6216\u7bc0\u7701\u7d93\u8cbb\u70ba\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u3002\u300d\u912d\u5fb7\u5764\u526f\u6821\u9577\u8aaa\u30021978 \u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u5927\u4ee5\u7f77\u8ab2\u3001\u81ea\u767c\u8209\u884c\u7814\u8a0e\u6703\u7b49\u9032\u884c\u53cd\u64ca\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u300c\u5e2b\u751f\u5718\u7d50\u53cd\u5c0d\u56db\u6539\u4e09\u300d\u96c6\u6703\u4e00\u5f79\u6295\u5165\u4e86\u4e8c\u5343\u516d\u767e\u4eba\u7684\u5175\u529b\uff0c\u674e\u5353\u654f\u6821\u9577\u5fa1\u99d5\u89aa\u5f81\uff0c\u58eb\u6c23\u70ba\u4e4b\u5927\u632f\uff0c\u96a8\u5f8c\u6821\u8463\u6703\u4e5f\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5805\u6301\u56db\u5e74\u5236\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u9762\u5c0d\u4e2d\u5927\u731b\u653b\uff0c\u53ea\u597d\u7b54\u61c9\u505c\u706b\uff0c\u627f\u8afe\u5341\u5e74\u5167\u4e0d\u91cd\u63d0\u300c\u56db\u6539\u4e09\u300d\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u8f15\u6613\u8b93\u6b65\uff0c\u986f\u793a\u653f\u5e9c\u9019\u4e00\u6b65\u68cb\u53ea\u662f\u4f6f\u653b\uff0c\u4ee5\u8a66\u63a2\u4e2d\u5927\u7684\u5be6\u529b\uff0c\u5148\u77e5\u5df1\u77e5\u5f7c\uff0c\u624d\u8b70\u5b9a\u5c0d\u7b56\uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u541b\u5b50 (?) \u5831\u4ec7\uff0c\u5341\u5e74\u672a\u665a\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n \u6bc0\u7d04\u5947\u8972 \u2500 \u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u6230\u5f79<\/strong><\/p>\n \u653f\u5e9c\u5728\u4f5c\u51fa\u5b83\u7684\u627f\u8afe\u7684\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u537b\u900f\u904e UPGC[3] \u5411\u4e2d\u5927\u5efa\u8b70\uff0c\u5c07\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u7531\u516d\u5e74\u5236\u6539\u70ba\u4e94\u5e74\u5236\u3002\u6b64\u6536\u751f\u8fa6\u6cd5\u8207\u4e2d\u5927\u539f\u4f86\u5805\u6301\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u516d\u5e74\u5236\u4e4b\u7406\u60f3\u76f8\u9055\u80cc\uff0c\u4f46\u4e2d\u5927\u6559\u52d9\u6703 [4] \u7adf\u5728\u5927\u591a\u6578\u5e2b\u751f\u4e0d\u77e5\u60c5\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\u5927\u958b\u57ce\u9580\uff0c\u5f15\u5175\u5165\u95dc\u3002<\/p>\n \u7576\u6642\u610f\u898b\u666e\u904d\u8a8d\u70ba\u82f1\u5bc7\u4e4b\u5716\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\uff0c\u610f\u5be6\u5728\u56db\u5e74\u5236 [5]\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u5728 80 \u5e74 11 \u6708\uff0c\u5b78\u751f\u6703\u4ee5\u903e\u5343\u5175\u529b\u767c\u52d5\u5713\u5f62\u5ee3\u5834\u4e4b\u5f79\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u6821\u65b9\u722d\u53d6\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u516d\u5e74\u5236\u8ddf UPGC \u8ac7\u5224\u300212 \u6708\uff0c\u7531\u6821\u65b9\u548c\u5b78\u751f\u5404\u4e94\u540d\u4ee3\u8868\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u81e8\u6642\u5c0f\u7d44\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u7121\u52a9\u89e3\u6c7a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002[6]\u96d6\u7136\u8a72\u5e74\u6536\u751f\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u70ba\u5df2\u5c31\u8b80\u4e00\u5e74\u7684\u7406\u5b78\u9662\u8f49\u7cfb\u751f\uff0c\u516d\u5e74\u5236\u52c9\u5f37\u7b97\u662f\u7dad\u6301\u4e86\u4e0b\u53bb\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u82df\u5ef6\u6b98\u5598\u3002<\/p>\n 10 \u6708 21 \u65e5\uff0c\u5b78\u751f\u5c0d\u516d\u5e74\u5236\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u59cb\u7d42\u672a\u7372\u6559\u52d9\u6703\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u5b78\u751f\u4ee3\u8868\u4ee5\u9ed1\u7d17\u8986\u84cb\u6821\u7ae0\u81f4\u54c0\uff0c\u8c61\u5fb5\u4e2d\u5927\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u8986\u4ea1\u3002\u767e\u591a\u540d\u540c\u5b78\u5728\u70fd\u706b\u53f0\u5805\u5b88\u9577\u9054\u5341\u4e8c\u5c0f\u6642\u5f8c\uff0c\u7dad\u6301\u4e00\u5e74\u591a\u7684\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u6230\u5f79\u6b63\u5f0f\u843d\u5e55\u3002\u5f9e\u6b64\uff0c\u5168\u8ecd\u8986\u6c92\u7684\u5b78\u751f\u4e00\u65b9\u5c0d\u6821\u653f\u6c7a\u7b56\u5931\u53bb\u8a71\u8a9e\u6b0a\u3002\u56fa\u7136\u5b78\u751f\u5011\u6709\u5176\u4fdd\u6301\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u548c\u6c7a\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f46\u59cb\u7d42\u672a\u80fd\u8af8\u5982\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5e36\u7d66\u516c\u773e\uff0c\u52a0\u4e0a\u7d44\u7e54\u9b06\u6563\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u81e8\u6642\u5c0f\u7d44\u7684\u5931\u6557 [6]\uff0c\u4ee4\u5b78\u751f\u4e00\u76f4\u5b64\u7acb\u7121\u63f4\u3002\u907a\u61be\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u554f\u984c\u5728\u9b25\u722d\u5f8c\u671f\u4e0d\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u6539\u904e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6108\u898b\u56b4\u91cd\uff0c\u57cb\u4e0b\u5931\u6557\u7684\u7a2e\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n \u7fa4\u96c4\u76f8\u52a9 \u2500 \u591a\u6230\u5c0f\u6377<\/strong><\/p>\n 1982 \u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u5e7e\u5834\u6230\u5f79\u90fd\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4ee4\u4e2d\u5927\u5728\u6574\u5834\u53cd\u56db\u6539\u4e09\u7684\u6230\u722d\u91cd\u596a\u512a\u52e2\u3002\u9996\u5148\u662f\u6559\u52d9\u6703\u901a\u904e 83 \u5e74\u8d77\u5be6\u65bd\u66ab\u53d6\u65b0\u751f\u6cd5\uff08\u985e\u4f3c\u8fd1\u5e74\u7684\u62d4\u5c16\u8a08\u5283\uff09\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e09\u5e74\u5236\u4e3b\u6d41\u4e2d\u7684\u59d4\u66f2\u6c42\u5b58\u4e4b\u7b56\uff1b\u53ca\u81f386 \u5e74\uff0c\u6e2f\u5e9c\u4e5f\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u8edf\u5316\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u7d71\u7c4c\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u5728\u300a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u865f\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5efa\u8b70\u5728\u7d71\u4e00\u7684\u4e03\u5e74\u4e2d\u5b78\u5b78\u5236\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u589e\u8a2d\u4e00\u500b\u4fee\u7562\u4e2d\u516d\u5f8c\u4fbf\u53ef\u53c3\u52a0\u7684\u300c\u4e2d\u7b49\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8a66\u300d\u4ee5\u5165\u8b80\u56db\u5e74\u5236\u7684\u5927\u5c08\u9662\u6821\u3002<\/p>\n \u5169\u500b\u6708\u5f8c\uff0c\u6e2f\u5927\u7a81\u7136\u8868\u9054\u5c0d\u4e2d\u5927\u5b78\u5236\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff1a\u539f\u5247\u4e0a\u901a\u904e\u6e2f\u5927\u5b78\u5236\u300c\u4e09\u6539\u56db\u300d\uff0c\u4e26\u6210\u7acb\u5305\u62ec\u6e2f\u5927\u5b78\u751f\u6703\u6703\u9577\u5728\u5167\u7684\u4e09\u4eba\u5c0f\u7d44\u7814\u7a76\u7d30\u7bc0\u3002[7] 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\u4ee4\u4eba\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u56db\u5e74\u5236\u524d\u666f\u4e00\u7247\u5149\u660e\u4e4b\u969b\uff0c\u5f62\u52e2\u5c45\u7136\u4e00\u767e\u516b\u5341\u5ea6\u8f49\u8b8a\u3002\u9069\u9022\u653f\u5e9c\u5728 78 \u5e74\u7684\u5341\u5e74\u4e4b\u7d04\u5c46\u6eff\uff0c\u6b64\u6642\u4e5f\u8a31\u662f\u8981\u300c\u4fe1\u5b88\u627f\u8afe\u300d\uff1a\u5341\u5e74\u4e00\u904e\uff0c\u7acb\u523b\u518d\u52d5\u5e72\u6208\u30021988 \u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u958b\u59cb\u6709\u6d88\u606f\u50b3\u51fa\u6e2f\u5e9c\u5df2\u7d93\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5805\u6c7a\u5728\u4e2d\u5b78\u5168\u9762\u5be6\u65bd\u300c\u4e94\u4e8c\u5236\u300d\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u898f\u5b9a\u5927\u5c08\u53d6\u9304\u7684\u5fc5\u9808\u70ba\u8b80\u7562\u4e2d\u4e03\u7684\u5b78\u751f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5404\u5927\u5c08\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4fee\u5b78\u5e74\u5236\u539f\u5247\u4e0a\u61c9\u8a72\u4e00\u81f4\u30026 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[9]\uff0c\u4e26\u6307\u5efa\u8b70\u300c\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u8ca1\u653f\u3001\u793e\u6703\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u7531\u300d\u3002\u628a\u6559\u80b2\u653e\u5728\u5404\u7406\u7531\u4e4b\u672b\uff0c\u4e5f\u8a31\u53ea\u662f\u5076\u7136\uff0c\u537b\u662f\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002\u5341\u5e74\u9593\u653f\u5e9c\u601d\u7dad\u6beb\u7121\u5bf8\u9032\uff0c\u4ecd\u662f\u4ee5\u958b\u652f\u70ba\u8fa6\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8003\u616e\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u56db\u6539\u4e09\u4e4b\u6230\u5c31\u6b64\u6253\u97ff\u3002<\/p>\n \u7576\u6642\u7684\u6821\u65b9\u53ca\u5b78\u751f\u7d44\u7e54\u90fd\u611f\u89ba\u4e8b\u614b\u56b4\u91cd\uff0c\u4fbf\u7acb\u523b\u806f\u5408\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u5728\u8aee\u8a62\u671f\u5167\u7d44\u7e54\u4e86\u591a\u5834\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u6230\u5f79\uff0c\u5305\u62ec 6 \u6708 26 \u65e5\u4e2d\u5927\u5b78\u751f\u3001\u6821\u53cb\u53ca\u6559\u8077\u54e1\u806f\u8ecd\u8fd1\u4e09\u5343\u4eba\u53c3\u8207\u7684\u90b5\u9038\u592b\u5802\u6230\u5f79\u300110 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\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u8868\u614b\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u9762\u5c0d\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5f37\u52e2\u58d3\u5883\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5168\u4e2d\u5927\u806f\u5408\u6297\u64ca\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5f92\u52de\u7121\u529f\u3002\u7d93\u904e\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u96f6\u6563\u6297\u722d\uff0c\u5728\u6b21\u5e74 2 \u6708\uff0c\u6574\u500b\u5927\u5c08\u754c\u806f\u8ecd\u7d04\u4e94\u5343\u4e4b\u773e\u2500\u2500\u7576\u4e2d\u4f30\u8a08\u6709\u56db\u5343\u70ba\u4e2d\u5927\u5b78\u751f\u2500\u2500\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u5e03\u653f\u53f8\u7f72\uff08\u5373\u820a\u653f\u5e9c\u7e3d\u90e8\uff09\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u62b5\u6297\uff0c\u4e2d\u5927\u6821\u65b9\u518d\u6d3e\u6821\u5df4\u63a5\u9001\u5b78\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u59cb\u7d42\u7121\u529f\u800c\u9084\u3002<\/p>\n 89\u5e7410\u6708\uff0cUPGC 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[10]\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u8f15\u6613\u53d6\u52dd\u4e0b\u544a\u7d42\u3002<\/p>\n 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\u7e31\u89c0\u6574\u5834\u66e0\u65e5\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u5341\u5e74\u6230\u722d\uff0c\u56db\u5e74\u5236\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u843d\u6557\uff0c\u7576\u4e2d\u4e2d\u5927\u6821\u65b9\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\u56fa\u7136\u6709\u70ba\u4eba\u8a6c\u75c5\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u524a\u5f31\u5b78\u751f\u5728\u6821\u653f\u6c7a\u7b56\u7684\u53c3\u8207\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5b78\u751f\u4e00\u65b9\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7121\u9700\u8981\u53cd\u7701\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u5728\u6230\u722d\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u540c\u5b78\u5c0d\u65bc\u56db\u5e74\u5236\u7684\u5805\u6301\u662f\u5305\u542b\u8457\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u4f46\u9019\u7a2e\u57f7\u8457\u6f38\u6f38\u5316\u70ba\u4e0b\u4e00\u4ee3\u5b78\u751f\u7684\u5b88\u820a\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u5f8c\u671f\uff0c\u5df2\u7f3a\u4e4f\u95dc\u65bc\u5927\u5b78\u5e74\u5236\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u3002\u5b78\u5236\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u8072\u97f3\uff0c\u5f9e\u6b64\u7d55\u8de1\u65bc\u9999\u6e2f\uff0c\u5230\u5f8c\u4f86\u5728\u6539\u9769\uff08\u4e09\u6539\u56db\uff09\u518d\u6b21\u767c\u751f\u6642\uff0c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u7126\u9ede\u7adf\u53ea\u5728\u929c\u63a5\uff0c\u800c\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u898b\u6559\u80b2\u7406\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u4e4b\u8ad6\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n [1] \u4e2d\u5927\u8a8d\u70ba\u56db\u5e74\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u901a\u624d\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u5b78\u751f\u9664\u4e86\u672c\u79d1\u5c08\u696d\u77e5\u8b58\u9054\u5230\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u5916\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u5ee3\u535a\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b78\u751f\u5f97\u4ee5\u5168\u9762\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u7531\u65bc\u77e5\u8b58\u7684\u5c08\u9580\u5316\u6240\u5bb9\u6613\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u72f9\u9698\u773c\u754c\u548c\u5c01\u9589\u5fc3\u614b\u3002 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\n[2] Student-orientated teaching \u70ba\u4e2d\u5927\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u7a2e\u4e0a\u8ab2\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u6e90\u81ea\u7f8e\u570b\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6 Carl Rogers \u7684 student-centred teaching \u4e3b\u5f35\u3002\u5b83\u5f37\u8abf\u7531\u5b78\u751f\u4e3b\u52d5\u53c3\u8207\u5b78\u7fd2\uff0c\u6559\u5e2b\u53ea\u5c45\u65bc\u6b21\u8981\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53c8\u7a31\u70ba\u975e\u6307\u5c0e\u5f0f\u6559\u5b78\uff08indirect instruction\uff09\u3002
\n[3] \u5927 \u5b78 \u53ca \u7406 \u5de5 \u6559 \u80b2 \u8cc7 \u52a9 \u59d4 \u54e1 \u6703\uff08University and Polytechnics Grants Committee\uff09\uff0c\u70ba\u9999\u6e2f\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7576\u6642\u7684\u9999\u6e2f\u5927\u5b78\u3001\u9999\u6e2f\u4e2d\u6587\u5927\u5b78\u53ca\u9999\u6e2f\u7406\u5de5\u5b78\u9662\u7684\u64a5\u6b3e\u7d93\u8cbb\u7684\u610f\u898b\u3002
\n[4] \u7531\u4e2d\u5927\u6821\u9577\u3001\u5404\u9662\u9577\u7b49\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u76e3\u5bdf\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u8ca0\u8cac\u898f\u7ba1\u4e2d\u5927\u8ab2\u7a0b\u4e8b\u5b9c\u3002
\n[5] \u6539\u81ea\u660e\u671d\u842c\u66c6\u5e74\u9593\u65e5\u672c\u4fb5\u97d3\uff0c\u660e\u5ef7\u6307\u300c\u502d\u5bc7\u4e4b\u5716\u671d\u9bae\uff0c\u610f\u5be6\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u800c\u6211\u5175\u4e4b\u6551\u671d\u9bae\u5be6\u6240\u4ee5\u4fdd\u4e2d\u570b\u300d\u800c\u6d3e\u5175\u63f4\u671d\u3002
\n[6] \u5c0f\u7d44\u539f\u672c\u9054\u6210\u5171\u8b58\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u56e0\u5b78\u751f\u4ee3\u8868\u9055\u53cd\u4fdd\u5bc6\u539f\u5247\u516c\u958b\u65b9\u6848\u800c\u89e3\u6563\u3002\u81e8\u6642\u5c0f\u7d44\u53ef\u8b02\u4e2d\u5927\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u5b78\u751f\u6bd4\u4f8b\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u5c0f\u7d44\uff0c\u5b78\u751f\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u6578\u80fd\u8207\u6821\u65b9\u770b\u9f4a\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u89e3\u6563\u5f8c\uff0c\u6821\u65b9\u4ee5\u5b78\u751f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4fe1\u4efb\u70ba\u85c9\u53e3\uff0c\u5f9e\u6b64\u518d\u6c92\u6709\u6210\u7acb\u5b78\u751f\u4ee3\u8868\u4f54\u5982\u6b64\u5927\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u6821\u653f\u6c7a\u7b56\u7d44\u7e54\u3002
\n[7] \u7576\u6642\u7684\u610f\u898b\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u6240\u6b77\u53f2\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u6e2f\u5927\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6539\u5236\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u65b0\u6821\u9577\u738b\u8ce1\u6b66\u5e0c\u671b\u5927\u5c55\u62f3\u8173\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u56e0\u4e5d\u4e03\u65e5\u8fd1\uff0c\u6539\u5236\u80fd\u8b93\u6e2f\u5927\u64fa\u812b\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u52a0\u5f37\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u806f\u7e6b\uff1b\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u4e2d\u5927\u66ab\u53d6\u751f\u5236\u5ea6\u5c0d\u6e2f\u5927\u6536\u751f\u5e36\u4f86\u7684\u5a01\u8105\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e0d\u5bb9\u5ffd\u8996\u3002
\n[8] \u300a\u7b2c\u4e09\u865f\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u300b3.53 \u6bb5
\n[9] 1988 \u5e74 6 \u6708 17 \u65e5\u83ef\u50d1\u65e5\u5831\u3001\u6587?\u5831\u3001\u6771\u65b9\u65e5\u5831
\n[10] \u767c\u751f\u65bc 1812 \u6230\u722d\uff08\u53c8\u7a31\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u7368\u7acb\u6230\u722d\uff09\u671f\u9593\uff0c1814\u5e748\u670824\u65e5\uff0c\u82f1\u8ecd\u653b\u9677\u7f8e\u570b\u9996\u90fd\u83ef\u76db\u9813\uff0c\u671f\u9593\u53ea\u906d\u9047\u96f6\u661f\u62b5\u6297\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u7d00\u9304\u6307\u4e00\u4eba\u5728\u884c\u52d5\u4e2d\u9663\u4ea1\uff0c\u4e26\u6709\u7d04\u4e09\u5341\u4eba\u5728\u653e\u706b\u71d2\u57ce\u6642\u56e0\u706b\u85e5\u5eab\u7206\u70b8\u800c\u55aa\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"